Summary of Professional Ethics Module Essay Example for Free

Summary of Professional Ethics Module Essay Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies the difference between right and wrong. As professional accountants, you will have many opportunities to choose between right and wrong. And as you have seen in the business press, making the wrong choice can lead to serious consequences including corporate failure, loss of reputation, fines, and even jail sentences. The objective of this unit is to introduce you to different branches of ethics, in order to help you understand that people approach the topic with different points of view. You will learn about different ways of thinking through an ethical question. This will help you identify the way that you make decisions so that you can recognise your own personal ethics in any professional ethical problem that you may be faced with. In this way, you can mitigate any detrimental impact of your own personal ethics, with a view to a more objective approach. Perspectives on ethics In very broad terms, there are three ways of looking at ethics that have developed over time: rules conformance, good intentions, and competence. One way of thinking about ethics is in terms of conformity to rules. From this perspective, ethics is understood as a list of things to do and to not do. Sometimes the list gets very long and complicated and needs to be interpreted by a whole institution of people. The ethical person, from this perspective, is the one who conforms to the rules. A second way of thinking about ethics is in terms of good intentions. From this perspective, a behaviour is considered ethical if it is based on good intentions. Good behaviour then follows from good thinking. The third perspective thinks of ethics in terms of competence. From this perspective, the ethical person is one who can make decisions based on principles and then act on them. This perspective is thought of as looking at competence, because ethics is thought of in terms of an ability rather than an attitude our duty to others One way to think about ethics is to acknowledge that there are things that someone just does not do, as part of a duty to others. A limitation of this principle is that you have to decide what those things are that someone should not do. At least one philosopher (Immanuel Kant) has defined those duties by saying ‘act according to principles that everyone could follow. ’ For example, if you disobey traffic lights, you should consider what would happen if everyone did so. The point is that we should recognise everyone as equals, and not assume that the rules are any different for ourselves than they are for other people. As an accounting example, a professional accountant would not deliberately issue false or inaccurate financial statements. If everyone did so, no statements could be trusted and as a consequence not only would the profession be brought into disrepute, but all financial statements would have no value to their users. Ultimately the need for accountants and for financial reports would be called into question. Consequences Another way of thinking about ethics is based on thinking about the consequences to different people. Briefly, consequentialism encourages you to make decisions based on the consequences — both positive and negative — for those involved. This category of thinking is the branch of ethics known as utilitarianism. This states that an action is right if it leads to the most good outcomes and the least bad outcomes for the greatest number of people. One limitation of thinking about ethics in terms of consequences is that you have to agree on what sorts of consequences matter: for example, should you be trying to promote pleasure and avoid causing pain, or should you instead focus on promoting people’s actual well-being, regardless of whether doing so makes them happy? A modern application of this point of view is the cost-benefit analysis, which involves assigning monetary values to the costs and benefits of an action and seeing how they add up. This practice is often used in evaluating new projects. As an accounting example, an accountant thinking in terms of consequences would prepare ‘true and fair’ financial statements because doing so would bring the most benefit to the greatest number of people. In other words, stakeholders inside and outside the organisation would be able to make more informed decisions as a result. Virtue theory  In virtue theory, the emphasis is on deciding what sort of person one should try to be, and to define the virtues such a person would embody. You decide what makes a good person, instead of what makes a good action, and act accordingly. One limitation of this way of thinking is that what constitutes a virtue must be agreed upon, and it can vary by culture and over time. For example, the qualities of good financial reports were once considered to be completeness, historical accuracy, reliability and strict adherence to the legal form in disclosing business transactions. More recently, the qualities of good financial reports have come to be relevance for decision-making, reference to a wider conceptual framework, and presenting the economic substance of business transactions. As an accounting example of the use of virtue theory, in deciding whether to agree to a client’s request to use a questionable method for valuing inventory, an accountant would ask, ‘What would a conscientious accountant do in such a situation? What would one of my respected mentors do? ’ Social contract theory  The social contract theory of ethics advises you to think about ethics as embodying a set of rules agreed upon by reasonable people to bring order to social living. So when making an ethical decision you ask yourself, ‘What rule would reasonable, unbiased people agree to? ’ You then follow such rules, regardless of whether they benefit you in particular situations. One criticism of this theory points out that the agreement referred to by social contract theory is entirely imaginary. Why consider yourself bound by an agreement that never happened? An accounting example of social contract thinking might be seen in a situation where an accountant has to decide between loyalty to a client and candid assessment of financial statements. Both of those options involve important social values. Thinking in social contract terms, the accountant might ask, ‘What sort of rule for balancing these values would unbiased people agree to? ’ Confucian ethics Confucian ethics seeks to provide harmonious relationships within society, the family, and the individual. Looking within yourself and learning from experienced people are seen as the main roads to wisdom and self-harmony. The emphasis on experience leads to respect and reverence for the past, the aged, and for one’s ancestors. One of the criticisms of this model is that in a society where relationships are considered more important than the laws themselves, corruption and nepotism may be tolerated. As an accounting example, in deciding whether to agree to a client’s request to use a questionable method for valuing inventory, an accountant thinking in Confucian terms might consider agreeing to it because doing so would cause harmony with the client. Rules of thumb In addition to scholarly branches of philosophy, some other ways of looking at right and wrong have developed. The golden rule The classic golden rule is to ‘do unto others as you would have them do unto you. ’ In other words, ‘I will not cheat that person because I do not want them to cheat me. ’ The golden rule is a simple and useful tool, but it does have some limitations. We don’t really know how babies or animals want to be treated, for example, so the golden rule can’t tell us much about how to treat them. Also, the whole rule is based on your own feelings of how you yourself would want to be treated. But your own needs and preferences might not be typical. For example, the fact that you personally do not value privacy does not mean that you don’t owe others an obligation to respect their privacy. As an accounting example, this rule of thumb could be applied to mean that you disclose all information that may be relevant in financial reports because, if you were the reader of those financial statements, you would expect to receive all the information, and disregard any that is not relevant to you. Mirror Test Another rule of thumb is the mirror test. This is a quick way to evaluate a decision that you are about to make, and reinforces the notion that you are responsible for your own actions. Imagine you’re looking in a mirror and ask yourself: Is it legal? If it is not legal, dont do it. What will others think? Others meaning a friend, a parent, a spouse, a child, a manager, the media, or someone else whose opinion is particularly important to you. As an accounting example, in deciding whether to agree to a client’s request to use a questionable method for valuing inventory, an accountant thinking in terms of this rule of thumb would consider how a story about this action would look on the front page of the local newspaper. Justice and care based approach What this quiz actually does is help you identify whether you lean towards a justice and rule-based approach or whether you lean towards a care-based approach. The justice and rules-based approach says that the rules should be applied equally to everyone and that justice and fairness are most important. Some researchers have suggested that this is a more masculine approach to the world. The care-based approach says that care, rather than justice, is most important and that we should act responsibly to people in need. Some researchers have suggested that this is a more feminine approach to the world. You can see why this research is controversial, and why you may disagree with the results. However it is interesting to consider whether gender could influence ethical positions. It may also help you when discussing issues with colleagues from other countries. Generally, in North American and European groups, men have been found to have, on average, higher ‘justice’ scores and women have been found to have, on average, higher ‘care’ scores. The significance of these statistical findings is a topic of ongoing debate among scholars. It is important to know how you approach an ethical question, and to recognise that other people may approach it a different way, irrespective of gender.

Dr Kings Vision of Economic and Social Justice Essay -- Martin Luther

Not many folks remember that the 1963 "March on Washington" was officially named "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom." This fact often gets lost amid the important celebration of the general achievement and highlights such as the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s "I Have a Dream" oration. Indeed, the theme of job creation runs though Dr. King’s writings. Perhaps no single policy could have as great a social and economic impact on the African American community—and the entire country—as federally funded job assurance for every person ready and willing to work. This is a policy approach that was explicitly supported by Dr. King, and that is currently receiving attention in economic and policy circles. In an article in Look published just after his assassination (King, 1968), Dr. King wrote that: "We call our demonstration a campaign for jobs and income because we feel that the economic question is the most crucial that black people, and poor people generally, are confronting." Thirty-three years later, at the peak of a peacetime economic expansion heralded as the longest and strongest in recent history, not only is the African American unemployment rate stuck at twice that of whites, but at around 8% that figure remains at a rate that would be considered evidence of a deep recession were it to hold for society as a whole: There is a literal depression in the Negro community. When you have mass unemployment in the Negro community, it’s called a social problem; when you have mass unemployment in the white community, it’s called a depression. The fact is, there is a major depression in the Negro community. The unemployment rate is extremely high, and among Negro youth, it goes up as high as forty percent in some cities. (Kin... ...ew, 15, April. Other Works Cited Darity, Jr., William A. Darity and Samuel L. Myers, Jr. (with Emmett D. Carson and William Sabol), 1994, The Black Underclass: Critical Essays on Race and Unwantedness, New York: Garland. Darity, Jr., William A. and Derrick Hamilton, 2001, "A Test of the Functionality of Discrimination," presented at Allied Social Science Annual Meetings, New Orleans, January. Other Work on Public Service Job Assurance Carlson, Ellen, and William F. Mitchell, 2000, The Path to Full Employment and Equity, ELRR: Economic and Labour Relations Review, Supplement to Volume 11. Warner, Aaron, Mathew Forstater, and Sumner Rosen, 2000, Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. Wray, L. Randall, 1998, Understanding Modern Money: The Key To Full Employment and Price Stability, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar.

ESL and Koreans Essay

The goal of every language course is the individual student progress in terms of writing proficiency, reading and speech (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 73). This is done by constant feedback and encouragement from the teachers and the dedication of the students under the English as a Second Language (ESL) program Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 73). Developing the ability to grow independently with the support of the group exists in an environment of support and encouragement from within the group (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 73). There is a basic procedure teachers must use to be able to attain the best possible performance from their ESL students. There are also different tools that are available that could enhance the learning process. Technology and computers as well as pop culture have been trends that teachers use to reach out and connect with the ESL students. Korean students are actually well-educated and have the basic background when it comes to the English language. Theoretically, they are well-equipped. They are very academically inclined. The important thing that would be developed would be the application process of learning English as their second language. In Korea, they are used to speaking only in their native language. They do not speak in English to converse with other people. They only learn in their English classes. The need for ESL lessons when they are in other countries, like in Australia, is because they do not know how to put into practice the theoretical concepts they have of English. Teaching ESL Process A syllabus must be developed that included the principles and procedures needed to teach a small ESL class (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 88). The day-to-day planning of activities for the teachers should encompass the design of the curricula and the general principles that would be considered in constructing the syllabus (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 88). The goals should be translated into objectives and the syllabus would be the framework for the classroom instruction. Goals are the general statement of the curriculum’s purpose while the objectives actually reflect the particular knowledge and skills that the students would develop by the end of the course (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 88). The objectives that are set for the students must be precise and should focus on essential characteristics like performance, condition as well as criteria (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 88). For example, the instructional objectives are stated like â€Å"by the end of the course, the students would be aware of their writing style and identify where they need to be improved in† (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 89). The specific nature of such statements lie on the fact that these characteristics are observable (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 89). When instructional objectives are clearly stated the teachers would have an easier time when it comes to planning individual class periods (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 97). A way of putting it is like this: â€Å"Compose descriptive, narrative, and expository paragraphs† and in order to achieve this, the students must â€Å"compose a 250-word paragraph about one’s experiences in the country (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 97) A lesson plan can actually take different forms that depended on the time frame, the personal style and experience of the individual teacher (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 97). Despite the variety of formats a lesson plan may be, the important thing is for it to provide for a script for presenting materials in interacting with the students and the actual instruction for the activities in the ESL program (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 97). It can also serve as the link that connects the curriculum goals of the teachers with the students as well as the step-by-step chronology of the classroom activities (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 98). Lesson plans are practical and dynamic tools for meeting the student needs and achieving the instruction objectives (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 98). The important thing to see is the flexibility of the lesson plan. ESL classes are more customized and mapping out the complete instruction for the class can be futile since the teacher needs to get to know the students first to make the program adaptable (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 98). Knowing the Students To design a syllabus for a specific class, the teacher would have to assess the student’s needs first. This is so the teacher is enabled to identify and validate the needs so that priorities may be established. Factors like diverse background features, different skills, schemata and expectations from ESL students are important factors when it comes to planning the lesson for the students (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 73). It is very important to know what the prior educational experience of the Korean students has (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 77). The teacher must know if the Korean students had prior experience in studying with foreign schools or if it was the first time they have studied in school that speaks English as a native language. International students may find contrasting training instructions from the previous language training programs they have undergone (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 78). Information about the students’ educational history is valuable for the teacher. Aside from such educational background, teachers must also consider the current language proficiency and literacy (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 79). This can assess what areas they need to focus on and what areas they just need to review on. The immigration status of the students should also be considered as the international students generally intend to return to their own countries after they have completed their studies in Australia (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 80). This tells how much of the primary language environments they have been exposed to as well as how exposed they are to English because of staying in the country long enough (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 80). There is also such a thing as learner preferences, strategies and styles. The learner’s disposition towards classroom instruction and independent learning must be considered as it can be a determining factor as to brining out the best performance from the students (Ferris and Hedghock 2004, p. 84). Language Needs The educational programs need to cover and address what the students bring with them (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). There is a need for teachers to carry on what the students have instead of focusing on what they lack (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). The key is banking on the students own experiences that involves their language and their culture and mix that with the new principle and concepts offered in the present class (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). This is because the teacher is merely connecting the constructs from the past experiences and stimulates the learning to make them comfortable with the new environment they are in (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Second language learning is a difficult process because learning the first language had been a process that has been done since the first day of the child. It is quite harder to acquire a second language because of the difference of the language and the culture from what the person has already been used to (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). There is often much reservation when it comes to having to begin to learn language skills. It is very important to consider how the students may feel inferior because of such circumstance. Fluency, then, does not end inside the classroom. It must be developed even after the class and do so in basic conversations. Errors may actually indicate progress. They can be replaced with the appropriate forms even without teacher intervention when done in an informal atmosphere (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Unit Plan Free Conversation A quarter of the time, in the first part, middle, or the end, should be devoted to free-flowing conversation. Conversation versus classroom instruction can build relationship between students and teachers that would enable them to work together trustingly and more efficiently throughout the course. Actual body languages, facial expressions, gestures, intonation, and other things serve as cues that help the student in understanding the context of speaking in English (Drucker 2003, p. 22). Academic English can actually provide less contextual cues (Drucker 2003, p. 22). Conversation builds relationships between the students and the teachers. Once the conversation gets going, they get to find out each other’s interests and preferences (Drucker 2003, p. 22). Especially in the beginning of the course when the Koreans would feel reserved and inferior to have to learn a second language, it is important to gain their trust and their confidence for them to be able to perform well in whatever activity the curriculum may require. When the teacher is able to get the trust of the students, they are then made more comfortable to open up and use the English language to converse. This also makes them more open to commit errors and be open to the corrections of the teachers. Teachers can actually start by just conversing about their lives as individuals. Some teachers relate to male students who enjoy video games by translating and analyzing the words in the context of the games they are both familiar with. If the students love music, it can be in terms of the lyrics of their favorite songs. The teachers can provide the context for the student when they begin reading a specific text and challenge them by talking with them about it (Drucker 2003, p. 22). The teachers can start by relating selected reading passages that would be discussed with something that is relevant to the students in terms of their interests and skills (Drucker 2003, p. 22). Part of getting students to converse with each other is posing a question about the text or about a specific topic that would engage the students to provide their opinions about the topic in the English languages (Drucker 2003, p. 22). The teachers can also direct the students into discussing and looking for particular information and analyzing it. Another way of starting conversation is banking on pop culture. It has been known to provide for a rich and powerful classroom resource to show relevance between the students and the teachers (Duff 2002, p. 482). This makes the discussion more interesting, relevant and appealing to the students especially despite the language barrier and coping mechanism the students have in using the English language (Duff 2002, p. 482). This also builds the rapport between the teachers and the students. Discussion about current events can help the students’ voice out their opinions, only they are using the English language (Duff 2002, p. 482). Despite the fact that the teachers and the students may not share the same socio-cultural and psycholinguistic repertoires, practices and abilities and need assistance from others, this can be a standpoint wherein they can connect with their students and help them be more vocal (Duff 2002, p. 482). However, teachers must be aware that some of their students are not familiar with other pop culture icons because of the difference of their backgrounds. This can confuse them more. However, it is also useful to introduce such icons for them to gain the confidence in speaking the language, knowing that they are now more aware of Western icons (Duff 2002, p. 482). Elements of Instructional Conversation The theme is very important to serve as the focal point for the discussion (Williams 2001, p. 750). This can be viewed as the general plan as to how the conversation within the class would take place. There is a need to use the background or the relevant schemata of the student by activation or by providing background knowledge that is necessary to form a connection between the students and the teachers (Williams 2001, p. 750). Such knowledge is interwoven into the discussion. When necessary, the teacher provides the actual conventional teaching of the lesson to the students, as much as possible this is not applied too much to avoid disconnection and boredom (Williams 2001, p. 750). The teacher also promotes for the students to use more complex language and expression (Williams 2001, p. 750). They encourage them to elaborate on their answers in the discussion by elicitation techniques to would invite them to explain further like asking them to tell more about what they have said or to ask what they meant by it. It is also effective to have them restate their phrases saying â€Å"in other words† and phrases like that (Williams 2001, p. 750). Other elicitation techniques include the promotion of the use of different texts, pictures and reasoning to support the arguments made by the students without overwhelming them the teacher may gently probe for the student’s sentiments by saying â€Å"what made you say that †orâ€Å" how you came to that conclusion (Williams 2001, p. 750)? † It is also important to assure the students that there are more than once correct answers (Williams 2001, p. 750). This would encourage the students to try and try to provide more answers and not be pressured to provide the correct one. The teacher while being focused on the flow of discussion and maintaining the coherence of the discussion to the lesson as well as keeping track of the time, the teacher must also be responsive to the statements of the students and to watch out for the opportunities they provide. There must be discussion that has â€Å"multiple, interactive, connected turns; succeeding utterances build upon and extend previous ones† (Williams 2001, p. 750). Students must remain challenged so as not to feel like they are limited as well as not feel threatened by the teachers (Williams 2001, p. 750). The atmosphere must remain balanced and effective for improvement (Williams 2001, p. 750). The teacher must act as a collaborator rather than an evaluator (Williams 2001, p. 750). The atmosphere the teacher creates allows the students to negotiate and construct their own sentences as well as be subjected to training as well (Williams 2001, p. 750). There must be general participation amongst the students. The size of the class must be carefully considered in terms of the level of proficiency and skills of the students (Williams 2001, p. 750). By doing this, the students can each have their chance to participate in class and be trained to speak out statements in English. Students must be encouraged to volunteer to speak out (Williams 2001, p. 750). Those who are more reserved must be the ones the teacher would call upon. The important thing is for everyone to have their own turn to speak up (Williams 2001, p. 750). Correction and Interaction Students in the early stages of acquisition must be expected to commit errors in communication (Williams 2001, p. 750). The teachers must be sensitive enough to correct in a gentle fashion as Koreans may feel threatened by harsh criticisms from the highly academic backgrounds they have in Korea. This must be considered more so when it comes to vocabulary. The teachers would not want to the students to have negative experiences with learning English that they would be afraid to try the next time. This can discourage the students from attempting to use the second language and can hinder their efforts from developing (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Rather than correction, modeling the correct form would be more efficient for the students (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Language can develop when placed in a variety of setting that promotes informal talk and interaction (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). When there is talking and listening involved, activities involving reading and writing can actually help the learners develop a higher facility for the language and have control over social interaction (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Literacy is part of language; it goes along the lines of reading and writing (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). The language learners must have the competence for oral language and learn the language as it is needed for new functions (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). The role of the teachers it to teacher the learners to use the resources they need for the new language. The best performance for ESL students in classrooms comes when they are able to speak and listen as part of the integral â€Å"process of negotiating knowledge, exchanging personal experiences and thoughts, and the development of language and literacy abilities (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). † This comes from a demonstration of cultural diversity and a provision for equal opportunities for the students in the ESL classrooms (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Proper implementation would fall upon the supportive nature of the school staff and the recognition of diversity as â€Å"an asset and not a handicap† (Slavit et al. 2002, p. 116). Games Most of the time teachers start every day’s session with a three to five minute game to get the lesson started. They are not merely icebreakers; they also tie into the lesson for the day. Aside from conversational way of training the students, the teachers find using games as effective ways to train the Korean students excel in English. The level of difficulty language learning has on the students are so high that the teachers wanted to provide easier methods for them by using games (Wright 1984, p. 1). Games actually help the students and encourage them to participate as well as sustain their interest (Wright 1984, p. 1). They help create contexts that are much more meaningful for the students that make them want to take part in the lesson (Wright 1984, p. 1). Games make way for students to practice their language skills and to practice different types of communication in a lighter environment (Ersoz 2000). This provides an effort to lessen the difficulty of language learning for the students (Ersoz 2000). It gives the students a chance to take a break from the conventional lessons and provide high motivation at the same time challenge and amuse the students (Ersoz 2000). It deviates from the principle that learning has to be serious and solemn (Kim 1995, p. 35). Games are used to practice the skills of speaking, writing, listening, and reading (Kim 1995, p. 35). At the same time, they can use games for vocabulary presentation and revision (Uberman 1998, p. 20). Some scholars even say that games should be treated as a central instead of merely a peripheral to teaching foreign language to students (Uberman 1998, p. 20). They give the students new experiences with the foreign languages that could not have been easily calculated by conventional learning (Uberman 1998, p. 20). Games actually promote fluency with the students because of constant and pressure-free use (Uberman 1998, p. 20). Ideal games are those that involve pictures. The students are made to pronounce the nouns that are in the pictures. They are then asked to describe the pictures using adjectives in forms of sentences and nor merely phrases. Whoever gets to describe the picture more wins the game. There are also games that would encourage the students to complete each other’s stories by taking turns in giving sentences. They take turns in filling in what can happen next in the story and the students would have to do it fast otherwise they would loose the game. This enables them to be creative as well as explore more vocabulary to be developed in the students. Lessons Sentence, Phrase and Text Construction. The sentence structure for the English language is very easy because of the rigid word order (Hinkel 2004, p. 65). Sometimes, it’s only a matter of proper translation that comes from understanding the rules of English sentence construction. Koreans usually directly translate their sentences to English that becomes their pitfall when it comes to the English grammar. Their sentence construction is different from English construction and that is where they need to be trained so that it can be adjusted. Although there are different kinds of structure that can be possible for the English sentences, there is still a pattern that can be easily identified and mastered through practice (Hinkel 2004, p. 65). For instance, when it comes to prepositional phrases, it cannot perform what a subject can do (Hinkel 2004, p. 65). Only noun phrases can act as a subject and a verb must be present in sentences for it to be grammatically correct (Hinkel 2004, p. 65). Generally, the English sentence can be broken down to see how they are ordered and sequenced in slots found in a sentence. There are certain basic principles that the learner must learn in order to fully understand sentence construction. The first principle would be the sentence units cannot be isolated from one another. They are in relationship with the other elements of the sentence even though they serve different functions and are labeled as different units (Hinkel 2004, p. 66). In most sentences, the subject goes before the verb. The context of the sentence elements determines the variation of the elements under the second principle (Hinkel 2004, p. 66). This is where we see that singular nouns use singular verbs. Although the sentence structures are dynamic they still follow predictable patterns that can easily be explained to the students (Hinkel 2004, p. 66). There are the subjects and object slots that can only be filled by words or phrases that are under the class of nouns or pronouns like proper and common nouns (e. g. Nancy, house or Australia); abstract and concrete nouns (e. g. love, book); gerunds (e. g. dancing, walking); compound phrases (e. g. corn soup, coffee table); pronouns (e. g. I, you, they); or sets of parallel nouns (e. g. shirts, shoes, and bags) (Hinkel 2004, p. 67). This is the basic core structure of a sentence, when this is mastered, the teachers can go into more complicated structures that are basically adhering to the same order of element (Hinkel 2004, p. 67). According to the third principle, the sentence states how the sentence elements are arranged and it is according to a hierarchy of importance for the sentence to be grammatical (Hinkel 2004, p. 68). The most important elements for a sentence would be the subject and the verb. Elements like the adverbs and prepositional phrases are more mobile and can appear in other locations (Hinkel 2004, p 68). To simplify the identification of core elements it is very helpful to identify the â€Å"subject, predicate verb phrase, and importance of subject-verb agreement† (Hinkel 2004, p. 69). The organization of the sentences accounts for the fluidity of the sentence construction and itself stylistic variation (Hinkel 2004, p. 69). Sentence Elements. The teachers must also run through the parts of the sentence. Even though, most Koreans have a strong background in the theories and rules involved in Basic English grammar, it is different when it is presented and emphasized in ESL classes. It is also helpful to present them in tables and other visual presentations in these manners: S – V Time Place Manner Reson (He eats/He ate†¦ ) (When) (Where) (How) (Why) Adverbs yesterday there quickly last night here sloppily Prepositional at 7:00 in the house with a fork For fun Phrase Adverbial Clause when he wherever he can as a good because he’s finishes work boy should hungry Other to get fat (infinitive) Table 1 Sentence Elements (ESLgold. com 2007). S – V Duration Frequency Contrast Condition (He works/worked/ (How long) (How often) (To show a (Under what has worked†¦ ) difference) conditions) Adverb forever sometimes anyway always Prepositional for two hours on Thursdays despite his for pay only Phrase illness Adverbial Clause as long as whenever he although he if he feels good he can has time doesn’t get paid Table 2 Sentence Elements (ESLgold. com 2007). Practical Techniques for Reading and Grammar Depending on the capability of the students, there must be essential elements that can design a flexible curriculum depending the reading and grammar proficiency of the students (Hinkel 2004, p. 33). Most lessons focus on sentence and phrase structure, nouns, pronouns, verbs, verb tenses, vocabulary and spelling. Activities must be created to develop the learners’ conversational fluency (Hinkel 2004, p. 34). Teachers must always check the level of reading comprehension of the students (Williams 2001, p. 750). The teachers must approach this with caution as sometimes the students can decode a text but can understand little from what he or she has read (Williams 2001, p. 750). Decoding is different from comprehension. The teacher should not always assume that the student can understand what goes on in the classroom conversations (Williams 2001, p. 750). The teacher must always test to see if the students are catching up, some may be getting what the flow of conversation may be but others are not. The teachers should have reading time wherein the students can actually hear how the words are pronounced and in what intonations sentence structures call for (Williams 2001, p. 750). This actually supports language development, therefore goes on to be literacy development (Williams 2001, p. 750). When it comes to introducing a reading text, the teachers must first start with discussing the importance when establishing a new topic (Hinkel 2004, p. 36). The students must be prepared and have already understood foundations that would let them study a new text (Hinkel 2004, p. 36). Using Other Tools Computer In the light of growing technology, students are expectant for the teachers to make use of such information and communication technology. The teachers must consider whether or not their students would develop faster with computers as a tool for their learning (Shin 2006, pp. 65+). Computer-mediated communication or using computers to communicate with each other is a new and innovative way of teaching ESL. Gauging the students’ skills in using the computer like typing skills and other language proficiencies must be prioritized as the teachers would not want to make the students feel more inferior in not knowing another area in the course (Shin 2006, pp. 65+). Class size is a critical point to consider when evaluating the efficiency of this tool. If the class is too big, a large group of chatters proves to be more confusing and frustrating than ever (Shin 2006, pp. 65+). According to research, the teachers should limit the number of students using CMC to an average of five (Shin 2006, pp. 65+). Using CMC is an option to use as a learning activity for the students. It is critical for the teachers to examine how relevant such a tool can be for the purpose of the activity and for the capabilities of the students for the planned learning task (Shin 2006, pp. 65+). Computer and Reading There are also studies that pertain to the integration of reading and computers to improve the reading skills of ESL students (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). There are a large range of computer applications that can be used for ESL student classes. This is to boost the skills of the ESL students with limited English application skills. Schools must make sure that the ESL students have access to educational programs and applications that can help them individually acquire the level of proficiency in the language (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). Even though there is technology available, computers are seldom used in ESL settings (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). Since constant exposure to English creates the best environment for students to learn the language, the teacher must be aware of different techniques to make this possible and to provide more sensitivity in issue facing the ESL instruction (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). English must not be limited to classroom instruction but should be integrated in other subject areas where English can be used (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). Studies have shown that an integrated approach of reading and writing with the computer has been more effective than traditional modes of instruction of lecture-type approaches (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). The students find interest in having such variety in instruction and improve on their logic and organizational skills of constructing sentences, one of their greatest weaknesses in learning the language (Williams and Williams 2000, p. 98). Reading Preparation is the most effective way to ensure the students can comprehend any reading assigned (Drucker 2002, p. 22). According to Drucker (2002), â€Å"Comprehensible input is spoken or written language that is delivered at a level the child can understand. † However, it is also important for the teacher to provide challenges that is a bit higher than the students’ current abilities (Drucker 2002, p. 22). Choral reading was seen to be a means of providing such comprehensible input for the students. Students can recite a poem, a short text together as well as be provided with gestures and motions that would enable them to understand what are reading more efficiently (Drucker 2002, pp. 22+). Repetitions of the reading selection give them the chance to recycle the language they have learned (Drucker 2002, pp. 22+). Contextual clues are also given through the motions and gestures taught by the teachers in reading the selection (Drucker 2002, pp. 22+). However, considering the individualize approach for ESL programs, it is important to note that teachers can only apply such technique for students who are in kindergarten to sixth grade (Drucker 2002, pp. 22+). If the students are much older or more mature, there are reading selections that can be provided and analyzed. For example, the teacher can provide a more sophisticated text like an article to be discussed in class like American Art in Delaware: Henry Francis du Pont (1880-1969) was an heir to Delaware’s DuPont Company fortune. He was one of the first serious collectors of American decorative art objects –furniture, textiles, paintings, and other objects made in the United States between 1640 and 1840. American furniture and household objects had been considered inferior to those from Europe. But du Pont helped develop a new appreciation for American decorative arts. He created a legendary showplace for these objects on his family’s estate just outside of Wilmington, Delaware. In 1951 it was opened to the public as the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur (pronounced winter-tour) Museum. Du Pont assembled objects from his collection into 175 â€Å"period rooms,† each with examples of American antiques and decorative arts that followed a certain theme or period in early American history. For example, the du Pont Dining Room has furniture dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries. And, because this was the time when the United States became a new nation, there is a patriotic theme in the room. Another example is the Chinese Parlor, which has furnishings that reflect Americans’ fascination with Asian culture during the 18th century. In these period rooms du Pont believed he could tell the story of the early United States through furniture and other decorative arts (America’s Library 2007). In the case of the article, American Art in Delaware, a warm-up question may be â€Å"You have probably heard of the DuPont Company, which was founded by a family of the same name. But do you know about the museum that one of the family members began (ESLgold. com 2007)? † There are also vocabulary words that can be taken out of the article that the students can learn in class, either through homework activity or drills within the classroom time. Words that can be taken out of this article are: â€Å"antique, assemble, century, decorative, estate, fortune, heir, inferior, patriotic, textile† (ESLgold. com 2007). The teachers can provide pre-reading questions that can enhance the interest of the students. Such questions can be, â€Å"What types of things do you like to collect or if you had some valuable artwork, what would do with it (ESLgold. com 2007)? † When the group is finished reading the text, silently or aloud, there are post-reading questions that are very important to determine the student’s comprehension. It can be in forms of true or false, or multiple choice questions. The important thing is to gauge the capability of the students. A set of post-reading questions may be in the form of the following; True or False: â€Å"Henry Francis du Pont’s art collection is displayed in a museum i

Globalization And Terms Of International Business

What is globalization in terms of international business? Give a practical example using class source. Answer: Globalisation refers to the integration of world economy into a single economy. For example product, services, culture, communication etc. In the current business era the word Global Village is much highlighted, it is only because of the Globalisation. Globalisation not only increased the flow of international business but also has great impact on cultural change. International business refers to all the transactions which take place between two or more countries across borders. Private firms do the transaction for profit motives and to extend the operation area of their organisation. In last 20 years the growth of international business increased enormously and still the rate of percent of increment is on the peak (Coldwell, D.A.L, 2008). Example- Here we are taking a particle example of a Mobile phones company. A mobile company needs many kind of different parts to manufacture the final phone and some of the parts it manufactures by itself where as some it outsource to other manufacturing company. Taking the advantage of Globalisation it could compare the different parts prices with different countries and could import the cheapest product, by this way company can enjoy the more profit and even after collecting all the required parts it could choose the country where the assembling of mobile phone is cheapest. If we see the current scenario and all currentShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Its Impact on International Business Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages............3 What is Globalization....................................................4 The engines for Globalizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Globalization’s impacts on international business†¦..7 The road ahead for international business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Introduction Every day we hear it on the news, read it in the papers, overhear people talking about it†¦ and in every single instance the word globalization seems to have a differentRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead MoreThe Importance of Understanding Cultural Differences in International Business Communications950 Words   |  4 Pages Due to globalization, organizations rely on international transactions to take place to keep their business running. Even with knowledge of how important international interactions are for their companies’ success, miscommunication occurs and someone involved in the transaction is left scratching his or her head. This is a result of the lack of cultural training and understanding. This paper will discuss the different implications that have been discussed in the international business world. ThisRead MorePolitical Factors That Affect International Business1020 Words   |  5 Pagesin overseas markets there is often a risk, the risk is referred to as political environment risk, and these factors can facilitate or hinder business operation. Some of the political factors that affect international business include† (Justin Ervin. Zachary Smith A.2008). One significant political environmental factor that influences international business operation is trade agreements. Countries frequently enter into trade treaties to further facilitate trade between themselves. Case in pointRead MoreInternational Business And International Marketing1457 Words   |  6 PagesInternational business compares all commercial transactions like private and government, investments and sales and transportation which take place between two or more regions , nations and countries beyond their political boundries.simply international business is exchange of goods and services among business and individual in multiple countries. International business such as an essential subject for students around the world because international business is vital ingredient in entrepreneurshipRead MoreGlobalization of Supply Chain Management1422 Words   |  6 PagesConclusions The globalization of supply chain management is the natural outcome of today’s expanding consumer markets as companies struggle to meet the dynamic needs of growing markets and new customer segments. It has led to a high degree of specialization under an ever-expanding world market. People with special skills can work with little overheads and market globally. Small companies can flourish. Introduction The pace of globalization on the supply chain continues to foster opportunitiesRead MoreThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business900 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement in the globalization of business. The multinational corporation The impact of globalization on international business International business refers to a wide range of business activities undertaken across national borders. Along with rapidly increasing globalization, international business has become a popular topic and has drawn the attention of business executives, government officials and academics. International business is different from domestic business. At the international level, theRead MoreWhy The Economic Liberalization Is Regarded As A Second Step Towards Facilitating Globalization1478 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is the process of integrating various economies of world without creating any hindrances in the flow of goods and services, technology, capital, and even labor or human capit al. The term globalization means to permit the free flow of goods and services in the world. To create an environment in which free flow of capital can take place among nation states, an environment permitting free flow of technology and from the point of view of developing countries, creation of environment inRead MoreGlobalization: Its Effects Key Drivers and Supporting Theories695 Words   |  3 PagesGlobalization: Its Effects, Key Drivers and Supporting Theories Globalization according to Johnson (2009) can be defined in several ways and hence the term cannot be said to have an assigned definition. In this text, the definition that will be adopted was the one given approximately 15 years ago by the World Economic Outlook in which case globalization according to Johnson (2009) was termed: the growing interdependence of countries world-wide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-borderRead MoreGlobalization And Globalization1050 Words   |  5 PagesJane Ogagan International Political Science for Public Health Practitioners Seminar Course: 221.614.01 CLASS PAPER Topic Choice 18: â€Å"On balance, globalization expands rather than contracts opportunities for economic prosperity around the world.† Why do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please support your answer with appropriate examples. Globalization has impacted almost every part of the modern world; it can be characterized by economic, political, and cultural integration. Economic

How Women Are Poortryed In Homers Odyssey Essay - 674 Words

Women Portrayed in Homer’s The Odyssey Women were very important to the Greeks, and they showed this value in many ways. In The Odyssey Homer shows us the different ways women were looked upon through female characters, such as Penelope, Naussica, and Anticlia. With Penelope, a faithful and loving wife to Odysseus, Homer reveals to us how the Greeks believed wives should act. She was loyal to Odysseus the entire time he was away on his journey, and even when it appeared as if he had passed on she still had faith that he would return. She resisted the suitors on the sole basis that she loved Odysseus and could not see herself with another man when he could still be alive. She was smart, and cunning. She shows us this in Book II when we†¦show more content†¦Her father seems to be wrapped around her finger. I got this impression because when she asked if she could use a big wagon, her father immediately replied quot;You shall have the mules, my love, and whatever else you have a mind for.quot; (p. 60) She does almost anything her parents ask of her, without question. Alcinous offered Odysseus her hand in marriage without consulting with her first and Naussica had no problem with this. It is what was expected of her. The duty of a Gree k daughter is to obey her father and mother no matter what. In The Odyssey, through Naussica, Homer illustrates this quite well. The suffering mother in The Odyssey is Anticlia, Odysseus’ mother. During his journey to Hades, he talks with his mother only after she drinks out of the pool of blood. When he left for the war she was alive, and while he visits with her she tells him she has died from the quot;longing to know what you were doing and the force of my affection for youquot; (p. 116) She dies of a broken heart, and still seems to be suffering from it while she is in Hades. She knows it is an unpleasant place for the living to visit, and Homer makes it easy to detect the sorrow she feels. Odysseus is unable to embrace her, and is distressed by this. She tells him about his wife, and his father, who quot;has no comfortable bed nor bedding, †¦and†¦grieves continuously.quot; (p. 116) She seems very sad, but she is wise and acts motherly by telling him he should go

Gender Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of A Child s Play Sets...

Gender Stereotypes in Childhood Why is it seen as less appropriate when girl s playing with cars and boy s playing with a doll? Why are little boys repeatedly told that it is not okay for them to cry or like pink? Why do little girls get kitchen play sets and little boys get tool play sets? These questions all have one main theme. Why are children expected to obey gender stereotypes and discouraged from pursuing things based on their gender? Another important questions is how these effects child and is it something hurtful we need to change? To answer this question one must look at the different influences a child is exposed too. The family unit is a starting point for these gender role stereotypes, and possibly the most significant place for children to begin developing gender role stereotypes and how they relate to career goals in adult life. Parents have a powerful role in a child’s career development through the opportunities they provide, the environment they create around the child, and the behaviors and messages they pass on. The bond between parents and children easily transmits values, beliefs, and interests to the child, and this can contribute to the child s career choices and success. Another strong influence on the gender roles imposed on children comes from the toy companies themselves. Most toy stores and customers are forced to choose between the pink, fluffy, homemaking, crafty toys for girls or the blue, hardware, cars and dinosaur toys for boys.Show MoreRelatedWomen s Social And Mental Development1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide highly idolized characters, but creates unrealistic and falsified interpretation of what it mean to be a specific gender. As a result, it can be seen that today’s modern western pop cultural, has become globalized into an industry of gender roles in which has transformed mainstream television, commercial ads, movies and toys. Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreGender Inequality And Its Impact On Children s Developmental Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesoverlook gender ineq uality because race inequality is prevalent and easily recognizable. Like racial inequality; gender inequality is also a real issue in America. Gender stereotypes are perpetuated throughout our lifetime beginning when we are children. Early on, children learn what is means to be a boy or girl from societal standards. Children begin to suffer from the boys versus girl’s mentality which is evident in the social behavior of children. 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Such ideas of gender roles are exhib ited at length in the two short essays, â€Å"Why boys don t play with dolls† by Katha Pollitt and â€Å"The Gender Blur: Where Does Biology End and Society takeRead MoreGender Roles Of Early Childhood Development932 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles in Early Childhood Development In a society filled with gender stereotypes, children often adopt gender roles as they move from childhood to adolescence because of the many factors that influence their views to the point they will deny certain roles because it does not fit the gender bias. During the early years, boys and girls will usually be drawn towards gender specific activities. Playing house for example, they little boy will imitate going to work, while the little girl will imitateRead MorePediatricians Recommend That Young Children Ages 21105 Words   |  5 Pagesfrustrated and have trouble concentrating. If, in a 24-hour period, 15 hours is required for sleep, the child is left with 9 hours. 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The cool thing about gender is that it differs so much, whether it be from country to country, or from periods of time. Gender even differs within the same country between different regions and cultures. Gender is one of those things that is never consistent, and could definitely change drastically in my lifetime. So what exactly is Gender? Often, people get t he term gender confused with the term sex. Although they are associated with each other

Literature Review Free Essays

With the growth of global market and the international labor division, international trade has been rapidly increased for hundreds of years. Meanwhile, since the middle of the 20th century, e-commerce appeared on the scene and has quickly grown. E- commerce is changing the mode of international business in a new way, impacting the cost, value and efficiency of trade (He, L’, Wu, Jiang, 2011, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now 175). It has more and more influence on international trade that many scholars did specific research on this issue. This review covers 13 academic and up-to-date resources which will be ompared and contrast in terms of the definition of e-commerce, the previous studies of how does the e-commerce have an impact on international trade, and particular views of 82B e-commerce. E-commerce can be defined as all kinds of information exchange or commercial/managing transaction that occur between companies via a network which is internet-based and computer-mediated (Moodley, 2001, p. 91). It is as the use of the Internet to conduct business transactions countrywide or worldwide. Therefore, e-commerce has come to undertake a considerable role: as a ore valid and competent mediator and collector of information (Terziaa, 2011, p. 746). Besides, e-commerce also includes activities such as internal processes that enterprises use to support their planning, hiring, selling, buying, and businesses trading with other businesses. According to Schneider (2011, P. 4), the definition of e- commerce is â€Å"used in its broadest sense† and includes variety of economic actions which have access to Internet technologies. This technologies not only include the Internet, but also other technologies such as the wireless transmissions of mobile hone networks and the World Wide Web. Schneider argues that most people interchangeable using the term e-commerce and e-business (2011, p. 4). Similarly, Jelassi and Enders (2005, p. 4) point out that people always use electronic business when they are talking about electronic commerce. Different from Schneider, Jelassi and Enders give a clear definition between these two words. They state e-commerce helps selling products, doing businesses and services much easier through the Internet or any other telecommunications network (2005, p. 4). In other words, this overs the electronic trading of material and digital merchandise, usually containing all the steps of trade such as online ordering, online marketing, e-payment and online after-sales services (2005, p. 4). Jelassi and Enders define the term e-business as the use of electronic methods to run an establishment’s business. Accordingly, e- commerce is more specific than e-business (2005, p. ). Some scholars detected that international trade would be affected by e-commerce at the end of the 20st century. In this period, some e-commerce researches were focused on the Internet erspective, for example Klein and Quelch (1996, p. 60-75) argue that big and small firms are both offered different opportunities and challenges by the Internet all over the world. Besides, they review the benefits of a local area network for large companies, the influence on development of new product and global markets, and the needs for international cooperation. After this period, there were some changes taking place on e-commerce with the development of new technology. Scholars commerce, such as Fariselli, Oughton, Picory, et al. (1999, p. 261-267) perceive three ssues related to the Internet which are e-commerce, small and medium sized companies’ positions and economic globalization. The influence of e-commerce to global trade was proved via researches by many scholars in recent years. An effective impact of the e-commerce on trade was found by Freund, Weinhold (2002, p. 36-240) and Freund, Weinhold (2004, p. 171-189) that according to the data, the raising in the increase of web hosts directly give rise to the raising in trade increase in a country recently. Moodley (2001, p. 89-104) use the data to detect the relationship between ormation of communication on Internet and global markets, while Clarke, Wallsten (2006, p. 465-484) and Clarke (2008, p. 16-37) also deem that in developing countries, the application of Internet does influence firms’ export trade; BoJnec, Ferto (2009, p. 24-132) focus on how does the number of Internet users effect on the manufacturing export increase among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, explore that manufacturing export is stimulated by the Internet, their viewpoint was supported with the food industry trade evidence in eveloped Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (He, L’, Wu, Jiang, 2011, p. 175). According to Moodleys research (2001, p. 9-104), in developed countries, 82B e-commerce capacitates buyers come close to information about developing country sellers much easier; it also helps developing country providers to get more info rmation of developed countries’ buyer requirements. However, although 82B e-commerce has an obvious impact on information communication in developing countries, it does not offer greater rewards to enterprises than other channels for running business (Humphrey, Mansell, Par © and Schmitz, 2003, p. 35). Producer enterprises in underdeveloped nations continue to depend on their traditional trade channels and agents. Even though the Internet probably shorten the distance among companies worldwide, geographical separation still matters. Therefore, e-commerce can only decrease international trade costs minimally. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that some similar and opposite opinions have been discussed in terms of different aspects of e-commerce impact on international trade. More authors are believe that e-commerce is different from e- business. Generally, most scholars agree that e-commerce does have influence on international trade in many ways, such as decreasing transaction costs, making international business more expedient and so on. The benefit on information communication is especially obvious on 82B e-commerce. However, it may be marginally decrease the international trade costs. How to cite Literature Review, Essays Literature Review Free Essays Literature Review Making it a Success, Sue Larkey, 2008 ‘Making it a Success’ written by Sue Larkey is a book which has many strategies and worksheets to use during a literacy lesson for students with Autistic spectrum disorder. Larkey identifies Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) as ‘A lifelong developmental disability affecting about 1 in 500 people. Confused by the world around them, people with an Autism spectrum Disorder need help to fit in. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have great difficulty understanding what they see, hear and otherwise sense’ (Larkey, 2008) Larkey identified that students with autism may have the following, ‘Difficulty writing, difficulty writing imaginative stories, Difficulty recalling set tasks and difficulty starting a writing activity, have hyperlexia which is the ability to read text but do not have matching comprehension of the text. (Larkey, 2008) Larkey has identified strategies to use when teaching ASD students how to write those strategies are: ‘Co-actively write, putting your hand over the top of the students, use a computer for the student to write, Use a tape recorder for the student to record their work, use a voice activated computer which transcribes for the student, Teach use of a dictionary to look up words to spell, stick their book to the desk so they don’t have to hold the page. ’ (Larkey, 2008) Larkey has also identified what strategies can be used to help ASD students when reading. Those strategies are: ‘Read stories that include their special interests to motivate reading and comprehension, include mainly non fiction books, make photo books about their own experiences to encourage reading, to extend comprehension remind student to look a picture, ask questions to check comprehension. ’ (Larkey, 2008) Making it a success is a very helpful book for teachers and teaching aids, the strategies which are provided by Sue Larkey are very helpful and it will help so many people out when teaching literacy to students who have ASD. Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, Hull learning services, 2004 Hull learning services’ book ‘Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder’ gives great insight to what language and communication difficulties associated with an ASD. Hull learning identified that students with ASD could have difficulties in understanding language such as, ‘There may be failure to respond, or the pupil does not seem interested when spoken o, The vocabulary and grammar of spoken language becomes difficult to understand as it increases in length and complexity, Information tends to be processed slowly, Confusion arrises when people talk too loudly, too fast or use too many words’ (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning also identifies that students with ASD could have problems with communications such as, ‘There is absence or a reduction in the desire to communicate with others, the development of the speech may be absent or delayed, the content of speech tends to be one-sided and can be repetitive. (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning sates many communication difficulties when working with students who have ASD the difficulties to help people who are dealing with ASD students. Also they have strategies to over come theses difficulties communication difficulties such as, ‘Being Face-to-face will encourage eye-contact and promote positive interaction, set up structured social communication skills groups to encourage pupils to take turns, listen and communicate with others, Say students name before communicating to help establish joint attentions, Use a slower rate if speech to allow the pupil time to process the information. (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning book ‘supporting children with ASP’ can be summed up as a resource used for teachers and teachers aids in the classroom which gives helpful strategies of how to teach literacy to students who have ACD. Understanding and teaching children with autism, Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell 1995 ‘Understanding and teaching children with autism’ which is written by Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell is a book which is aimed at teachers in special education and the psychologist who work with teachers and parents of children with autism. It gives a better understanding of autism and the different ways it is experienced by individual children. In chapter five of Jordan’s and Powell book it explains what the students who have autism go through when they are learning literacy and what approaches should be taken when teaching the students literacy. One main approach which Jordan and Powell outlined is that teachers have to be very precise with the language they use when teaching literacy to an autistic student because they can get very confused. Powell and Jordan also explain that when teaching literacy to an autistic student best thing to do when giving out instructions is having it on the board. ‘A written instruction can be taken at the pupil’s own rate and remains available for consolidations. ’ (Powell, Jordan, 1995) The authors also write about recent research which has linked autism syndrome with dyslexia. ‘Since dyslexia is a form of language impairment and autism is linked with language difficulties, it would not be surprising to find some pupils with autism who also have dyslexia. (Powell, Jordan, 1995) Powell and Jordan list the kinds of structure approaches to literacy which is recommended for pupils with dyslexia are operating a word processor through the use of proper keyboard skills which has been shown to enhance spelling, grammar and reading ability by providing a motor memory, learning to read and write with cursive script rather then being taught print. Developing early Literacy, Susan Hill, 2006 Developing early Literacy written by Susan Hill (2006) is a handbook for understanding and teaching early literacy. Chapter 4 of developing early literacy is titled ‘The literacy program’ in chapter 4 Hill describes how a literacy program works. The Literacy program is divided into two different parts, reading and writing. ‘The first part to reading is modelled reading ‘which the teacher reads aloud, the teacher models how to read by reading aloud to the class from range of text types. The purpose is for children to engage with text pitched at a more complex level than they can read’ (Hill, 2006) The second part is shared reading which is when an enlarge book is used to explore the conventions of print, It is a whole class activity but it is lead by the teacher the students join in. Guided reading is the next stage. ‘Guided reading involves a teacher working with a group of 4 to 6 children reading individual copies of the same text at the children’s learning level. They have some challenges, and the teacher prepares them to use a range of problem solving strategies. ’ (Hill, 2006) Independent reading is the final stage of reading. ‘The purpose of independent reading is to build fluency and motivation for reading. Children are encouraged to read texts at their independent reading level so that reading is practiced and fluency is increased. The child is challenged to read on their own for a sustained period of time’ (Hill, 2006) Modelled Writing is the first stage of the writing part of the Literacy program. In modelled writing the teacher writes on a whiteboard showing how a writer uses words sentences and text types to record ideas’ (Hill 2006) Shared and interactive writing is the second stage which is usually a group activity where the teacher leads the class on ways to write various text types, spelling, grammar and complex sentences. And the students learn from example how writing is done. Guided writing is the th ird stage and ‘involves individuals or small groups of children writing a range of text types. The teacher may provide short mini lessons to demonstrate a particular aspect of writing. ’ (Hill, 2006) Independent writing is the final stage where the purposes ‘is to build fluency and motivation, and is a time for students to express ideas and experiment. Children can write their own creative pieces. ’ (Hill, 2006) Developing early Literacy is a great book to read as the explanations are straight to the point. It is also good for people who do not know how literacy in the classroom works. It is also a good book for Aids to read as when they are working in classrooms with students with disabilities they know how to help them out with while also following the literacy guidelines. Reference List Sue Larkey, 2008, Making it a Success, A. C. E. S. , Artarmon, NSW Hull learning services, 2004, Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, David Fulton Publishers, London Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell, 1995, Understanding and teaching children with autism, John Wiley sons, Chichester, West Sussex Susan Hill, 2006, Developing early Literacy, Eleanor Curtain Publishing, Prahran, VIC How to cite Literature Review, Essays Literature Review Free Essays In intention to discover the relationship between efficient working capital management and firm’s profitability(Shin Soenen, 1998) used net-trade cycle (NTC) as a measure of working capital management. NTC is basically equal to the CCC whereby all three components are expressed as a percentage of sales. The reason by using NTC because it can be an easy device to estimate for additional financing needs with regard to working capital expressed as a function of the projected sales growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now This relationship is examined using correlation and regression analysis, by industry and working capital intensity. Using a Compustat sample of 58,985 firm years covering the period 1975-1994, in all cases, they found, a strong negative relation between the length of the firm’s net-trade cycle and its profitability. In addition, shorter NTC are associated with higher risk-adjusted stock returns. In other word, (Shin Soenen, 1998) suggest that one possible way the firm to create shareholder value is by reducing firm’s NTC. The study of (Shin Soenen, 1998) consistent with later study on the same objective that done by (Deloof, 2003) by using sample of 1009 large Belgian non-financial firms for the period of 1992-1996. However, (Deloof, 2003) used trade credit policy and inventory policy are measured by number of days accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventories, and the cash conversion cycle as a comprehensive measure of working capital management. He founds a significant negative relation between gross operating income and the number of days accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable. Thus, he suggests that managers can create value for their shareholders by reducing the number of days accounts receivable and inventories to a reasonable minimum. He also suggests that less profitable firms wait longer to pay their bills. In other study, (Lyroudi Lazaridis, 2000) use food industry Greek to examined the cash conversion cycle (CCC) as a liquidity indicator of the firms and tries to determine its relationship with the current and the quick ratios, with its component variables, and investigates the implications of the CCC in terms of profitability, indebtness and firm size. The results of their study indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between the cash conversion cycle and the traditional liquidity measures of current and quick ratios. The cash conversion cycle also positively related to the return on assets and the net profit margin but had no linear relationship with the leverage ratios. Conversely, the current and quick ratios had negative relationship with the debt to equity ratio, and a positive one with the times interest earned ratio. Finally, there is no difference between the liquidity ratios of large and small firms How to cite Literature Review, Essays Literature Review Free Essays The issue on climate change, also referred to as global warming, has become very serious that countries around the world are now working hand in hand to arrive at fast solutions.   One of the foremost reasons for the problem is carbon emission.   Carbon emissions, otherwise known as CO2 or carbon dioxide emissions are naturally produced via the normal carbon cycle as well as common human activities such as burning of fossil fuels. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now    This natural cycle alone does not pose any problem to the climate. This cycle has the billions of tons of carbon emissions from natural sources in the atmosphere removed by plants and oceans.   They serve as â€Å"sinks† to these CO2.   It will again be emitted back to the atmosphere as part of the natural cycle.   As long as the process remains in balance, the carbon emissions and removals made by the sinks found in nature are basically equal. During the 1700s however, when the Industrial Revolution began, the human activities that results into carbon emissions have greatly increased the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere that the cycle is no longer balance (www.CarbonEmissions.com). No less than 6  ½ billion individuals burn fuels, gas, coal or oil to provide electricity, to keep warm, to light homes, move planes, cars, boats, etc. and to run industries.   This burning of fuels results into the production of about 6 gigatons of carbon emissions that go into the atmosphere annually.   This translates into an increase of 41% in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air since the industrial age.   This occurrence adversely influences the planet’s radiation balance (Lelieveld, 2006). To understand the effects of carbon emissions, a more thorough discussion about it follows. Global Emissions and Trends Aside from carbon emissions, there are other gas emissions that can be harmful when in big amounts.   A global effort is now being done to reduce these gas emissions, better known as greenhouse gases, in order to arrest climate change.   Failure to do this can result into an increase in temperature of about 1.4C up to 5.8C by year 2100 (IPCC). The global carbon dioxide emissions, which are the most significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas of all, increased very quickly in the last century, particularly due to fossil fuels combustion.   The chart below shows the trend of global carbon emission as it greatly increased from 1900 to 2000.   The increase of carbon emissions was particularly faster during the last 5 decades but slowed down a little during the last twenty years. How to cite Literature Review, Essays Literature Review Free Essays Literature in the realm of research performed on the advances in sales and marking and their use would be quite numerous and diverse in their content and methodology. In the different separate studies located, only few would have spanned a time period beyond a decade. The most effective method of discussion and understanding the multitudes of studies conducted on sales and marking inclusion of theories and technology would be in the fact that we must first divide the process into manageable segments. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now These segments are self divided within the research itself. Those pieces include divisions between retailers, wholesalers and manufactures and through corporate operations. The vast majority of the literature would be concentrated from the year 2000 through to the present, more than likely as advances in learning theories and related studies have managed leaps and bounds in both affordability and availability. This is especially true for segment of educational studies of across the country and there is no reason why it would be not applicable for the current study. The several research pieces brought into this literature review would in fact be between the years 2000 and 2006 and would focus on the ability and scope for learning theories and related studies. One recognizable difference would be in the fact that literature which remains in the time span since the turn of the century would in fact be the speed, the accessibility and the overall development of systems and the internet itself. These elements, as they become more and more integrated into daily life outside of the learners must be both understood by management and integrated into their systematic processes and procedures to keep the dynamics of the company active. One of the most important texts of this study would be Manning’s Principals and Practices: Management Today. This is because it places a wide light on the subject and process of learning and thereby providing a huge amount of information on the subject. On the other hand Hall, Statistical Methods is a key text to learn and implement various statistical methods that are of such huge importance during any study and particularly in this context. However, it should be remembered that there is a high potential of learning theories that are to be utilized on occasions and the most relevant aspects of the theories and principals are to be used. For this purpose one of the latest texts should be used under any circumstances and thus the best possible selection in this context would be the Invention of the Crusades: The Aggressive Approach of Organizational Learning by Tyreman. It not only presents a wide amount of information on learning but also helps the reader with a wide range of illustrations and graphs. While the application of this study is mostly academic in nature it should be looked upon from a practical framework that has been taken from real life incidence and form the aspects of theoretical presentation of a subject this perspective only enhances the entire experience with highly fruitful results. This is why Reuvid’s Managing Business: A Practical Guide to Learning More about Your Business is taken into consideration. It is true that this text is written in a light manner but it sure excavates a lot of information on the subject. The same can be stated about Kumar’s Win Some, Lose None: The Approach of a Successful Learning Skill. On the other hand Lamb’s Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata is more of a philosophical standpoint of affairs but this too is very significant from the overall perspective of the study. Banyard’s Guidelines in Psychology and Powell’s Anatomy of a Sale: Case Studies of Changing Strategies are not directly related to the subject of the study itself but they present some alternative perspective of learning methods and applications and this could be termed as invaluable advantage for any study. However, Prawer’s Birth of Intellect: The Evolving Intelligence is a chief text on learning aspects in the context of dynamic evolution of organization and presents a thorough view of the modern corporate sector. Methodology Research Strategy Data Collection Methods The research methods for the study are a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Being open to qualitative methods of study also allows social scientists to incorporate non-quantitative data (i.e. non-numerical data, such as words, images, gestures, impressions etc.) in their study. Since human beings tend to operate in terms of such data and not in terms of the terminology used in ordinary sciences this broader outlook is far more applicable in the study of social sciences. In keeping with the methodology employed in marketing researches the theories too are formulated and used keeping in mind that they aren’t necessarily applicable to all conditions. It can always be stated that Qualitative research is a process that includes interpretative paradigm under the measures of theoretical assumptions and the entire approach is based on sustainability that is depended on people’s experience in terms of communication. It can also be mentioned that the total approach is based on the fact that reality is created on the social formulations. It can also be mentioned that the basic target of qualitative research is instrumented towards social context under normal circumstances where it would be possible to interpret, decode and describe the significances of a phenomenon. The entire process is operational under the parameter of interpretative paradigm that can minimize illusion and share subjectivity under contextualization, authenticity and complexity of the investigation. The best statistical method would be to interview long well formulated day to day working procedure at a specific and well selected location. Throughout the procedure, it should be noticed whether there are specific variables within the testable population or not. These variables would be extremely important while evaluating the basic data in the final stages where the adjustments would be made to the formulated data in accordance to the observations. In accordance to the basic test selected it could be stated that it could be possible that the outcome would be relatively logical in the sense that it would ultimately follow the trends of social facilitation theory in marketing and thus it would be agreeable with the statistical method and thus a well formulated marketing strategy can be constructed for the benefit of the study. However, it should be stated that there would be few independent variables in the context of the test that could not be explained by the statistical method statements. Here the ethical consideration of the potential customers or the ethnic background of the potential customers may not be a very relevant factor. Thus there could be some flaws to the collection of the population but if these aspects are kept in mind then the shortcomings would easily be negotiated during the ultimate computations. As a result the test would appear to be a full proofed measure that would be able to define and prove the fundamental aspects and statistical method applied. Project Plan, Timescales Milestones The basic stage of this research will start June 1st to July 1st, when the interview questions will be structured. Further this period of time will be gathered the vast majority of the up-dated secondary data about our case study (journals, articles). July 1st to August 31st will be conducted the appreciation of the primary data collected from the interviews and the combination of it with the theoretical patterns and the secondary data. September 1st until the deadline date will take place the finalization of dissertation’s lay-out and the conclusions made by the analysis. This timescale plan cannot be final at this period of time because some research activities are depending from the outcomes of other variable activities of the research, such as the interview’s dates that will depend on the interviewee availability at specific dates. References: Banyard, P. 2005, Guidelines in Psychology, Flanagan, Cara Publication, New York Hall, T. 2006, Statistical Methods; 3rd Ed,   Francis Routledge, New York Kumar, H. 2005, Win Some, Lose None: The Approach of a Successful Learning Skill, HBT Brooks Ltd, Auckland. Lamb, D. 2004, Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust, Sydney Manning, C S. 2003, Principals and Practices: Management Today, National Book Trust, Sydney Powell, M. 2004, Anatomy of a Sale: Case Studies of Changing Strategies, AB Publications Ltd, Wellington Prawer, H A. 2005, Birth of Intellect: The Evolving Intelligence, Part II, Allied Publications, Dunedin Reuvid, J. 2005, Managing Business: A Practical Guide to Learning More about Your Business, 2Nd Ed. HBT Brooks Ltd, Auckland Tyerman, J. 2005, Invention of the Crusades: The Aggressive Approach of Organizational Learning, Arc Publishers, Canberra How to cite Literature Review, Essay examples Literature Review Free Essays The recent instance of economic downturn once again highlighted the need to raise the level of competency, and for that matter, appropriate training of the employees to meet the demand of their respective industries have become an extremely important issue to the employers. There is not much to oppose the idea that proper training can develop the employee performance, which would reflect in the state of overall functioning of the organization and finally in the enhanced amount of benefit for the organization. Even the established managers also hold the same view. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Hotel Monticello’s General Manager Rob Suter is one of many such managers who finds that training empowers employees and adds value to the organization as a whole (How, 2008). However, there should be a clear concept about how such benefit can be garnered out of training. In general, imparting appropriate training all throughout the year is a specialized job – which can even be seen as the task of developing human capital through managing them. Therefore, this study reviews the relevant literature on employee training and how that can benefit both employees and organisations. 2. 1. Underpinned Benefits of Employee Training Carl Duncker (2006) underpins five business benefits of employee training that goes like below: 1. Impact on bottom line: Duncker refers to the research observations that effective training can raise employee productivity to a whopping 230 percent. 2. Staff retention: Training increases staff retention, which saves company expenditure on many accounts, like loss of management time or re-investing on training, etc. Here too the research observes that training programmes have reduced staff turnover in some companies by 70 percent and led to an incredible return on investment of 7,000 percent! 3. Improved quality and productivity: Carl underpins three key drivers of business that can be sharpened through training, which are a. Accuracy and efficiency b. Good work safety practices c. Great customer service. 4. The flow-on effect: Carl finds that training flows through all levels of the organization and accordingly it reduces the costs by decreasing a. Wasted time and materials b. Mantenance costs of machinery and equipment c. Workplace accidents, leading to lower insurance premiums d. Recruitment costs through the internal promotion of skilled staff e. Absenteeism. 5. Remaining competitive: Carl points out that businesses change continuously and it is training that helps the companies to match with changes in strategies or technologies. Carl’s views are supported by various research studies. For example a study conducted in 2003 showed that 41% of employees switch jobs on the ground of poor training (Training, 2008). How to cite Literature Review, Essays Literature Review Free Essays â€Å"The earth, that’s nature’s mother, is her tomb. What Is her burying grave Is her womb. † Shakespeare, W. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 1597 According to the World Food Summit in 1996, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAA) of the united Nations states that food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. (FAA, 2006) Ensuring food security within a country is vital as it ensures each individual especially the less fortunate are provided with nutritious food staples preventing hunger, starvation and malnutrition. Some Governments create a food security policy to prevent starvation especially when the country possess sufficient land to grow own food and decrease importation to increase economic growth, incomes and ensuring the food grown or produced Is of a safe and reliable standard for consuming (Solomon Star News, 2010). Organizations such as the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CAIRO) funded by corporations for example the Australian Agency are currently In the process of guiding West Africa In developing a set of national policies to Improve food security n the future (CAIRO, 2013). Farmers consider pests to be any foreign specie or organism in or around agriculture produce damaging, killing and Jeopardizing the outcome of the expected fully grown produce resulting in wasted crop yields hindering the quality and quantity for example mites, insects and snails. Wax scales are a group of different insects or pests with wax coatings with thick layers which are grey, white or beige in color. Wax scales are common for infesting the citrus industry or sector for example. Florist’s citrus orchard feeding on the plant sap and excreting a substance called honeydew which is like a sotto mold or fungus turning leaves black (Texas A Gargling Extension, n. D. ). The wax scales’ secretion or fungus reduces photosynthesis and fruit yields disfiguring fruits (P. L. Lo, 2004). This will result in lower crops or produce for farmers in the citrus sector, lower incomes and a reduction in the availability of citrus for the public Jeopardizing the citrus farmers’ reputation and sales furthermore cost of living. Farmers will resort to the use of pesticides containing chemicals to kill or rid of these pests unconcerned about he side effects on their own health from spraying pesticide chemicals or the health of the public consuming the citrus after it yields. A study in New Zealand with the Horticulture and Research institute was conducted illustrating the toxicity levels of pesticides used with stubble ladybirds known by the scientific name as Hall’s Aeschylus (P. L. Lo, 2004). Stubble ladybirds Is an Australian beetle metallic blue In color Introduced Into New Zealand and Hall as It preys on wax scales, mites and other types of insects (T. E. R:R. A. I. N, 2011). The study involved two separate fields of thrust containing pests, particularly insects as well as the stubble ladybirds. One field was sprayed with pesticides including fungicides and insecticides to rid of the pests and the other was not sprayed or tampered with pesticides over a period of months for research. (P. L. Lo, 2004) Results showed that the pesticides containing archaeopteryx’s and portholes used one of which was Dalton, on one field had biological control of scale insects meaning the stubble ladybirds died by Just walking over freshly sprayed leaves and ingesting treated scales as well as killing the ax scale insects. However, while the insects as well as the stubble ladybirds died along with the larvae, the fungus created from the honeydew already excreted by the wax scales remained and continued to infect and disfigure the yield. Whereas the field without pesticides had better yields as insecticides were not used to kill the stubble ladybirds which feed on the wax scales resulting in little or no fungus to kill the citrus of the yield. (P. L. Lo,2004) In support of an alternative, there are other methods or techniques which exist to rid of pests for example the use of organisms such as the stubble ladybird which are not considered by the Government. However, Government rather use pesticides as it is less time consuming and faster in ridding the pests increasing cost in the long-term when more produce is available to the public in a short space of time. As a solution integrated pest management techniques or methods should be adopted to aid in controlling or suppressing pests with the techniques or methods used having a minimal impact on human health (Louisville Horticulture and Forestry Advisory Board, n. D. ). According to the management of pests and diseases manual provided for home gardeners, cultural practices for preventing pests advised are mixed cropping, weeding, crop rotation and biological practices advised are use of living organisms such as frogs and spiders to control pests in home grown gardens (Ministry of Food Production, 2012). However in conventional farming or farming in large quantities to sell in local markets and for export, farmers make use of pesticides in addition to cultural farming practices to quickly eradicate pests ignoring the definition and impacts of food security. Hence, while farmers are experiencing a large increase in production and making profits, the public purchasing the produce are slowly destroying nervous and respiratory systems or their health on the whole which can eventually lead to death through the consumption of citrus fruits available for purchase as a result of the current farming practices. Therefore the techniques for home gardeners published by MOPPET are not what is currently used by our farmers in the fields producing the yields available to the public at markets for the reason being more produce for more profits on limited land space. Chemicals found in pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture were reinvented from the chemicals ammonium nitrate and orchestrating nerve gas used to make weapons during World War II in the United States of America (Levine, M. 2007). (Cox,J. , 2008) stated that statistic reports from the Environmental Protection Agency showed 60% of all herbicides, 90% of all fungicides and 30% of all insecticides are carcinogenic, cancer causing agents. Jeff Cox’s published book displays statistics from organizations or associations concerned with what we are consuming and is making an attempt to find and instigate alternatives as a way of healthier living for the future and the benefit of our bodies. The first types of pesticides were sulfur compounds developed as fungicides and arsenic compounds such as chlorides as insecticides (Levine, M. , 2007). These substances are extremely toxic. For the past decades agriculture production increased immensely throughout countries worldwide for farmers as a result of the use of pesticides instead of experiencing an increase in crop losses. Availability of an abundance of food allowing the use of the chemically contained pesticides and formulating policies for usage. Governments’ urgency and interest in the abundance for food blindsided the methods used and chemicals used to obtain the abundance and the health concerns which will be created in the long-term as a result of the decisions made for example, there will be a drastic increase in health concerns and need for facilities to aid these new health concerns from the side effects of the chemicals used in farming and the produced consumed from those practices. The levels of actual crop losses due to pests can only be estimated as it would be a severe loss for farmers’ profits and the economic state of Governments as ell as an increase in poverty and hunger (Agene S. Teal. , 1995). In TT,sugar cane was the first crop due to the country undulated hills making it the primary cash crop of colonial agriculture of the Caribbean used for export to foreign markets providing tropical produce (Mint, 1966). Other crops produced and exported under the colonial rule were cotton, cocoa, coffee and citrus fruits. Today after independence, Trinidad and Tobago continues to export agriculture produce as well as depend heavily on imports for example wheat is imported from the United States of America where statistics show Trinidad and Tobago importing higher levels of heat within the years 2008 to 2013 as compared to the previous years, sourced by the United States Department of Agriculture (Undermine, 2013). A well-known company in the U. S for chemically and genetically engineering crops encouraging the usage of pesticides with high contents of chemicals is the Monsanto Company. Monsanto Company is one of the leading developers and providers of genetically engineered products and other chemical products and substances internationally. One of the many commitments Monsanto abide by is creating new ways of improving traditional plant breeding through biotechnology. For example, Monsanto plant scientists will determine specific traits in a corn plant’s genetic map isolating the right gene and transferring it into another plant in order to produce a new generation of plants that have the beneficial characteristics we want (Monsanto Company, n. D. ). Caribbean Chemicals and Agencies Ltd. s a company in Trinidad and Tobago providing local farmers with agricultural or crop supplies. According to the Pesticide and Toxic Chemicals Act of Trinidad and Tobago there are specific rules and regulations to import pesticides within the country along with obtaining an import science and registering for imports (Ministry of Legal Affairs, 2011). Pesticides are not manuf actured in Trinidad and Tobago and instead are imported from countries for example United States of America. The EPA reported that in the United States 4. 9 billion pounds of pesticide products were used throughout 2001 , equivalent to 4. 5 pounds per person. Approximately 888 million pounds of active ingredients and 600 different chemical compounds were included in these pesticides (U. S EPA, 2004). The statistics of this report clearly demonstrates the consistent and heavy use of suicides used and is imported into Trinidad and Tobago. The Pesticide Control Board a statutory body under the Ministry of Agriculture has established the provision of the Pesticide and Toxic Chemicals Act. Controlling the importation, sale of pesticides and usage registering over 700 pesticide substances for import and sale within Trinidad and Tobago with limited attention to the concerns of food security. Hat is has a limit to the number of pesticides allowed and a list of the pesticides allowed so as to prevent the various types or an overload, excessive use and misuse f the chemical products within the country. However, disadvantages are increased expenses for importation, tax and freight fees and most importantly as the Act is created to limit and control the use of the pesticides it is still permitting entry of highly toxic pesticides possessing dangers to human health for example, cancer for use in the country. The farming certification and monitoring programmer document oft states that farmers and the farm in use ought to be certified with inspections at least once per month by field officers. Another main responsibility listed of farmers s keeping updated records of all chemicals used on crop and farm while restraining from use of chemicals that are listed as ‘banned for use’ in the protocol. Under the same farming certification and monitoring programmer document on of the exporter’s responsibility is to produce all chemical usage records (NEMATODE, n. D). This proves the access and use of chemicals mainly found in pesticides for agriculture within Trinidad and Tobago. Some of the most used pesticide brand names in Trinidad and Tobago are addition and alienate (De Lloyd, D. , n. D). The major groups of pesticides r chemicals found in the pesticides used in conventional farming are organogenesis, archaeopteryx’s and cerebrates (Levine, M. , 2007). Organogenesis are made up of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine which break down slowly lingering in the environment and the human body for long periods, even prohibited usage (Levine, M. 2007). A major brand of organogenesis used is EDT (Dichloride deepened theoretician) which is claimed as an insecticide to cure every pest issue. Organogenesis leave residue on food, contaminating the human body as well animals as it builds up in the fatty tissue. Exposure results in immune disorders, angers and can also be passed on to offspring in breast milk. This chemical affects the nervous system dist urbing the calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride in the body. Organogenesis would remain lingering in the human body many years after usage has stopped. In most countries the manufacture and use of organogenesis have been prohibited however, they are still manufactured and used in developing countries (Dent, D. , 2005). Archaeopteryx’s do not linger or remain in the environment but are extremely toxic to the human body as they were developed and used in nerve gases for military use in the sass’s. This chemical will attack the nervous system constraining an enzyme known as psychotherapist’s causing an overestimation of the nervous system resulting in neurological disorder as it performs similar actions to the nerve gas. Children are more susceptible as their systems and bodies are young and developing (Than, K. , 2013). Exposures to archaeopteryx’s throughout pregnancy can cause brain defects, abnormal low brain weight and issues in development (Cox, J. , 2008). Short-term exposure causes headaches, twitching, nausea, paralysis of the diaphragm causing breathing problems, and excess salivation (PAN, n. . ). Long-term exposure results in Parkinson disease, cancer, developmental and birth defects and death (PAN, n. D. ). (See appendix for pesticides used in Trinidad and Tobago). A pivotal and distressing study called the Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study (SPECS) was conducted to measure the pesticide residue in our duplicate foods consumed by a group Washington food samples and 15% of the Georgia food samples contained either archaeopteryx’s or parathyroid pesticide residues, chemicals found in pesticides. Most pesticide contaminated food items tested and survey in the years 2008 to 2009 re lettuce, celery, apples, strawberries, cherries and peaches, Just to name a few. (Lu, C. , et al. 2010) The SPECS tested was effective in discovering and displaying the levels of pesticides found in the fruits and vegetables consumed by our younger generation today however, the focus was only within the U. S and on children when adults too are affected. The citrus sector was not reviewed and tested in comparison to the fruits found in the Caribbean where there may be differences in the soil used and climate affecting growth of specific citrus grown in the U. S as compared to T. These differences can have an impact on decisions for pesticides used and expenses made. Cerebrates are similar in formulation, function attacking the nervous system and toxic effects to the archaeopteryx’s but are less toxic as compared to archaeopteryx’s. Cerebrates may be absorbed through the pores in the skin, inhaled or ingested causing headaches, dizziness, nausea or vomiting and weakness with short-term exposure and can be recovered within hours. Long term exposure results abdominal pain, incrimination, profuse sweating, muscle dysfunction, visual difficulties, breathing difficulties or changes in the pulse rate (Queensland Government, 2002). (See appendix for pesticides used in Trinidad and Tobago). The citrus sector is a major industry within the Caribbean as the temperatures are much warmer with the climates of the tropical islands being more suitable to grow citrus such as oranges, lemons, bananas and grapefruits Just to name a few. There is on average more levels of rainfall occurring in the Caribbean as compared to the U. S and other countries which is required to grow and fertilize citrus. The soil in the Caribbean is much richer in content and minerals required for citrus produce to survive resulting in healthy yields. However, with the citrus sector there are diseases and pests both above and underground which are attracted by the citrus produce making this an issue for farmers. Above ground there are issues of mites, citrus trips, citrus cutworms and fungal or bacterial diseases. Underground issues are root or foot rot and viruses such as treaties and exorcists (Atwood, R. , n. D. ). How to cite Literature Review, Essays Literature review Free Essays These events led to the UN interference to maintain peace, UN sent 270 shopkeepers under the leadership of Lieutenant-General Romeo Dallier who played an important role to try and maintain peace. But the mission failed terribly. Romeo Dallier, the Canadian officer possessed some leadership qualities. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basically a leadership is about affecting, rousing and empowering others to help viability and triumph. Leaders apply different manifestations of impact from unpretentious influence to coordinate provision of force. (Machines, Steven Loiterer. Traveling, A. Lessons, Mar. , Organizational behavior : emerging knowledge : global insights, 4th deed. , McGraw Hill Australia, North Ryder, N. S. W. 2012, up. There are different approaches to Leadership- 1) Individualism- Leaders brain research tries to get behind encounters to discover associations between insight, behaviors and feelings. It lessens administration to proclamations of expectations of conduct by people who are distinguished as leaders. Leadership is either inside or outside of the person this enables him to focus on a single reality. ) Essence of Leadership- Leaders brain science is kept tabs on examining characteristics, styles and behaviors of leaders and try to distinguish traits and qualities that are intended to catch the correct nature of initiative, independent of connection and circumstances 3) Dualistic views of power and Influence- In keeping with unitary and pluralist perspectives of force, authority brain science has treated power as a negative harsh property and recognizes it from impact, which is made equivalent words of administration. (Stephen, Flop, Liz Lilly, Simon, Management and organization: a critical text, 2nd deed. Palaver Macmillan, Bassoonists, 2009, up. 473-537) Leadership styles and Behaviors- Douglas Mcgregor, an American social analyst, proposed his acclaimed X-Y hypothesis in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’. Hypothesis x and hypothesis y are still alluded to regularly in the field of administration and inspiration, and whilst later studies have addressed the unbending nature of the model, McGregor X-Y Theory remains a legitimate fundamental standard from which to create positive administration style and strategies. McGregor XX Theory remains fundamental to organizational advancement, and to enhancing organizational society. Theory X: 1) The normal individual abhorrence’s work and will stay away from it he/she can. 2) Along these lines most individuals must be constrained with the risk of discipline to ark towards organizational goals. 3) The normal individual likes to be controlled; to escape obligation; is generally ambitious, and needs security most importantly else. Theory Y: 1) Exertion in work is as regular as work and play. ) Individuals will put forth a concentrated effort control and bearing toward oneself in the chase for organizational targets, without outer control or the risk of discipline. 3) Responsibility to goals is a capacity of prizes connected with their accomplishment. 4) Individuals generally acknowledge and frequently look for obligation 5) The ability o utilize a high level of creative energy, resourcefulness and inventiveness in tackling organizational issues is g enerally, barely, dispersed in the populace. Machines, Steven Loiterer. , Traveling, A. Lessons, Mar. , Organizational behavior: emerging knowledge : global insights, 4th deed. , McGraw Hill Australia, North Ryder, N. S. W. , 2012, up. 380-407) Types and styles of Leadership: 1) Contingency (Situational) Perspective of Leadership: Fred Fielder progressed the first hypothesis utilizing the possibility approach, the possibility hypothesis of adequacy. The primary thought of this unanticipated hypothesis is that initiative ability hinges on upon the communication of two elements: the pioneer’s errand or relations inspirations and viewpoints of the circumstances. The pioneer’s errand or relations inspiration is measured through the Least Preferred Co-worker (LIP). This scale asks pioneers to review a collaborator (at one time or right now) they work with minimum well and to portray this single person with evaluations on an arrangement of 8-focus bipolar descriptive words (e. G. Distant- icy). High LIP scores reflect more positive portrayals of the slightest favored colleague, though low LIP scores confirmation more negative discernment. Fielder contended that a single person with a high LIP score is roused to keep up amicable interpersonal connections, though a single person with a low LIP score is inspired to concentrate on undertaking. (Machines, Steven Loiterer. , Traveling, A. Lessons, Mar. , Organizational behavi or: emerging knowledge: global insights, 4th deed. , McGraw Hill Australia, North Ryder, N. S. W. , 2012, up. 38(:)-407) This theory can be related to the case when a top military- trained with NORM approached him and told him about the plan about the murdering of Hut’s and Belgian officers, Dallier did not take time to hind about the next step and mounted a plan to search and seize within 36 hours. 2) Transformational Leadership- Transformational theory is a sort of authority style that can move positive changes in the individuals who take after. Transformational pioneers are for the most part vigorous, excited, and energetic. Not Just are these pioneers concerned and included simultaneously; they are additionally concentrated on helping each part of the assembly succeed also. The components of Transformational Leadership- 1) Intellectual Simulation- Transformational leader not Just test business as usual; hey likewise energize imagination around adherents. The leader urges supporters to investigate better approaches for doing things and new chances to take in. 2) Individualized Consideration- Transformational administration additionally includes offering backing and consolation to distinct adherents. So as to cultivate strong connections, transformational pioneers keep lines of correspondence open so supporters don’t hesitate to impart plans thus that pioneers can offer immediate distinguished of the novel commitments of every adherent. 3) Inspirational Motivation- Transformational leaders have a clear vision that they are able to articulate to followers. These leaders are also able to help followers experience the same passion and motivation to fulfill these goals. 4) Idealized Influence- The transformational leaders serve as a good example for supporters. Since supporters trust and admiration the pioneer, they imitate this singular and disguise his or her beliefs. (Genera Cherry, What Is Transformational Leadership? ) This theory can be related to the case when Dallier had to choose between â€Å"chapter six† and â€Å"chapter seven† and he chose chapter six. He then sent four options for troop deployment to maintain peace in Rwanda. ) Post Heroic Leadership- The post leader works in part group, affecting relationship where there is a little control; Effectiveness may be more an aftereffect of influence and correspondence than power. Post courageous pioneers cooperate with people, suppliers, and clients not just to the workers who report to him. It stresses on creating subordinates. (Etcher, J. P. (1997), Post-Heroic Leadership: Managing the Virtual Organization. Peer. Improve. , volume 36 up. 5-10. ) This theory can be related to the case when Dallier gives up his Mercedes staff car and rents a small house with his two officers and a driver hen there was shortage of resources. He wanted to live as modestly as possible. Conclusion- Roomo Dallier was not solely responsible for the failure of the mission of peacekeeping in Rwanda but UN was major responsible for failing to maintain peace in Rwanda as they did not provide the necessary resources to Dallier and did not fully indulge in the Genocide they were not completely involved in the massacre, But, Dallier had the appropriate leadership qualities still he could not completely exercise them. Whatsoever it was not only Dallier’s fault but major Nun’s fault as hey were not so bothered about mass killings in Rwanda. How to cite Literature review, Essays